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Phonetic voicing can be visually inspected in waveforms by checking for periodic waves, and in spectrograms by looking for energy at low frequencies around 100–300 Hz, i.e., looking for the presence of the fundamental frequency f₀, the most important acoustic correlate of vocal fold vibration.
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The boundary between /s/ and the following stops was placed where the waveform becomes almost completely flat, free of any aperiodicity (see figure 4).
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The end of the fricative and the beginning of the following vowel was marked in the position where the waveform does not show aperiodicity anymore, and the periodic wave begins, plus where the formants of the vowel first appear (see figure 3). In the case of /s/, the boundary between the preceding vowel and the fricative was placed where the first noisy marks (aperiodicity) appear in the waveform and where the formants cease in the spectrogram. In all the test words used in this paper there was always a short burst noise between the two stops, which made the segmentation relatively straightforward. The boundary between /t/ and the following stops was marked where there was any visual sign of the release of /t/, and simply with the help of listening to the recording (see figure 2). The boundary between the release and the following vowel was placed where the burst noise ceases, the formants appear and the periodic wave begins (see figure 1). A separate section was marked for the release noise, where release noise is defined as a sudden transient aperiodic burst noise in both the spectrogram and the waveform. In the case of /t/, the boundary between the preceding vowel and the stop was placed where the formants cease completely. Segmentation of the test words were carried out manually by visual inspection in Praat with the help of 5-ms-long Gaussian window broadband spectrograms (bandwidth = 260 Hz) and the waveforms of the recordings in the following way.
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‘Unfortunately, the alcohol got into his eyes.’ (referred to as szeszbe in the text)ģ Segmentation and manual measurements of material ‘The alcohol coloured the concoction red.’ (referred to as szeszpi in the text) ‘It is well-known among alcoholic drinks.’ ☞ The six test sentences, together with their TextGrid files, can be found at /buogokw The test sentences are shown in (1) and (2), the underlined words constitute the focus of the acoustic measurements of this paper. As the aim of the paper is to enumerate and illustrate the various voicing measurement methods and not to carry out thorough acoustic and statistical analyses, only one token was chosen for each segment in each position, thus there were altogether six tokens. The sentences were recorded in a sound proof cabin onto a laptop computer through an M-Audio MobilePre USB preamplifier, using a Sony ECM-MS907 microphone. These words were embedded in carrier sentences, which the subject had to read out from a monitor at a normal, casual speech tempo.
The test words were net ‘net’ and szesz ‘alcohol’. This paper focuses on the voiceless alveolar stop /t/ and the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ in three positions: (i) intervocalic, (ii) before /p/, and (iii) before /b/. This recording was part of an independent research into sonorant voicing (Bárkányi & G. Kiss 2012). The data in this paper make use of recordings of standard Hungarian from one female subject (aged in her early 20s). In addition, the paper aims to asses the validity and reliability of these correlates and measurement methods in comparison with visual inspection of waveforms and spectrograms. The aim of this paper is to enumerate the various acoustic correlates of voicing in stops and fricatives and how these correlates can be measured in the phonetic analysis software, Praat (Boersma & Weenink 2012).
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